History
and Theory of Psychology: An early 21st century student's perspective
Paul
F. Ballantyne, Ph.D. 2008©.
pballan@comnet.ca
Appendix
4:
Subject
Matter and Method According to Classical Psychological System
| School
or System of Psychology | Subject
Matter, *Methods of research | Purpose
and Influence |
Structuralism
1880-1920
| Elementary
Structures of Consciousness.
*Introspection (Mental Reduction)
| Academic:
Goal to set Psychology apart from philosophy--
Sensation, Attention, Judgments,
Affective states.
|
Functionalism
1890-1930
| Functions
(mental processes)
*Evolutionary, Eclectic.
| Utilitarian:
Education, Mental Illness,
Developmental.
|
Behaviorism
1913-1930
1938-1991
| Behavior
and emotional expressions
(Overt or operant)
*Operationalist experimentation
(Physical reduction)
| Goal
to objectify psychology--
Animal learning, Conditioning
|
Gestalt
1912-1950
| Phenomena
as Molar Units
*Inner perception
(Phenomenological analysis).
| Reaction
to Structuralism and Behaviorism
Anti-reductionist perception theory
|
Psychoanalysis
1885-1990s
| Unconscious,
Personality.
*Clinical anecdotal. | Demystification
of mental illness --Outline of normal and abnormal stages of personality, typologies. |
Humanist
and Existential
1960-1991
| Models
and problems of existence.
*Subjective analysis.
| Anti-behaviorist
--Stressed the intentional nature of human life, freewill and self-actualization. |
Posted:
June, 2002; Last Updated: January, 2008
References:
Benjafield,
J. (1996). A History of Psychology. Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.
Chaplin,
J. & Krawiec, T. (1974). Systems and Theories of Psychology. New York,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Marx,
M. & Hillix, W. (1973). Systems and Theories in Psychology. New York
McGraw-Hill
Hillner,
K. (1984). History and systems of modern psychology: a conceptual approach.
New York : Gardner Press.
Hilgard,
E. (1987). Psychology in America. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Watson,
R. & Evans, R. (1991). The Great Psychologists: A history of psychological
thought. (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Related
Links:
Edna
Heidbreder (1933) on "Prescientific Psychology".
Basic Philosophical Choices,
metatheory, and "theory assessment methodology" for a unified 21st century
psychology. [Posted:
September, 2002; Last Updated: January, 2005]
What
is the proper relationship between History of Science and Philosophy of Science?
A bibliographic survey with emphasis on Realism, Naturalism, and Evolutionary
Epistemology. [Ballantyne, 1993; Updated October, 2002]
Ballantyne,
P. (1995). From Initial
Abstractions to a Concrete Concept of Personality. In I. Lubek, et al.
(Eds.). Recent Trends in Theoretical Psychology. Vol. 4., pp.150-160. New
York: Springer.
Four
Periods of Historiographic Bloom in Psychology. [Ballantyne, November, 2002]
Early
Historians of psychology and their texts (1870s-1921). [Ballantyne, December,
2002]
Alex
Novikoff (1945) on: The concept of integrative levels and biology.
John
Somerville (1967/1983) on: "The Nature of Reality: Dialectical Materialism"
Multiple
levels of investigation and the recurring 'crisis of relevance' in psychology.
Presentation to the Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser
University, Dec. 7, 2004.
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